doi: 10.1017/S1366728915000309, Tao, L., Marzecova, A., Taft, M., Asanowicz, D., and Wodniecka, Z. Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q) Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. However, few experiments reported bilingual advantage in inhibition, and even if there is advantage, it is more markedly pronounced in middle-aged and elderly bilingual groups (Hilchey and Klein, 2011). J. Cogn. A., Estevez, A., Hernandez, J. Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Cognition: Ensemble des processusmentaux qui se rapportent à la fonctionde connaissance. Front. When the tail counts: the advantage of bilingualism through the ex-gaussian distribution analysis. By administering the Flanker task and the WCST, the current study aimed to investigate whether L2 proficiency has significant influence upon cognitive control differences among young adult Chinese-English bilinguals, while other relevant variables including age, SES, education, IQ, and L2 learning history were carefully matched. Aging 19, 290–303. Cognitive control is the ability to control behavior and thought by maintaining, focusing on, or switching goals and plans while at the same time ignoring irrelevant information. However, the Flanker results showed faster performance for the highest L2 proficiency group relative to the lowest L2 proficiency group in all conditions (incongruent, neutral, and congruent), which reflects better ability of conflict monitoring. Smaller overall RTs may reflect the advantage on attentional process, the monitoring process, which is necessary to effectively implement conflict resolution when needed (Bialystok, 2006; Martin-Rhee and Bialystok, 2008; Costa et al., 2009; Paap and Greenberg, 2013). Following the design in Dong and Xie (2014), the task was computerized and programmed by E-prime 2.0. WCST performances across groups. The WCST has been considered as the most widely applied task used to measure mental set shifting (Barceló and Knight, 2002; Moriguchi and Hiraki, 2009). 11, 282–298. Important Information about summer semester 2020 - Online Courses Firstly, we calculated the response time differences between incongruent trials and congruent trials as indicator of Flanker effect in cognitive control (Bialystok et al., 2008; Costa et al., 2009, 2008). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: evidence from attention and inhibition the dimensional change card sort task. The results showed that all the groups were similar in verbal fluency task, but bilinguals and multilinguals outperformed monolinguals in selective attention but not in sustained attention or attentional switching. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.001, Li, C. S. R., Zhang, S., Duann, J. R., Yan, P., Sinha, R., and Mazure, C. M. (2009). J. Exp. Psychol. We examine inhibition, conflict monitoring, and mental set shifting as these three aspects of cognitive control have been widely discussed in previous literature. We distinguished the groups into three levels according to their performance in the category verbal fluency test. Studies showed that bilinguals who switched languages more often (or who have received intensive interpreting training) had higher ability in mental set shifting than those who switched less (i.e., Hervais-Adelman et al., 2011; Prior and Gollan, 2011; Yudes et al., 2011; Bialystok and Poarch, 2014; Dong and Liu, 2016; Yang et al., 2016a). Contributions of inhibitory control and working memory. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.014, Prior, A., and Gollan, T. H. (2011). Li, D. (1989). ANOVA analyses revealed that group differences in all three conditions of the Flanker task were significant or marginally significant: congruent condition, F(2,91) = 3.186, p = 0.046; neutral condition, F(2,91) = 3.035, p = 0.053; incongruent condition, F(2,91) = 2.571, p = 0.082. In the WCST, no differences were found across the three groups. The importance of bilingual experience in assessing bilingual advantages in executive functions. Mem. Secondly, we calculated the overall response times in all three conditions (incongruent, congruent, and neutral). Psychol. 21, 8–14. L'auteure étudie dans quelle mesure ces principes peuvent non seulement enrichir le contenu des cours de L2 au niveau universitaire mais aussi encourager la création de cours de m6thodologie pour faciliter ! Previous studies have shown that language proficiency contributes significantly to cognitive control among young adult bilinguals. 77, 728–737. cognitive psychology biliÅsel psikoloji cognitive psychology ne demek. Impact Factor 2.067 | CiteScore 3.2More on impact ›, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), India, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China. Ä°ngilizce Türkçe online sözlük Tureng. The first dimension, knowledge of cognition, can be further divided into three types: personal, task, and strategy variables. J. Neurolinguist. 65, 1502–1510. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.011, Valian, V. (2014). Simultaneous interpreters vs. professional multilingual controls: group differences in cognitive control as well as brain structure and function. Both random and perseverative errors underlie WCST deficits in prefrontal patients. Moreover, similar results showing bilinguals are faster than monolinguals in the Flanker task have been reported in different countries, with different language groups, and different cultures (i.e., Calabria et al., 2011; Tao et al., 2011; Woumans et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2016b). Earlier studies reported that children from low SES performed worse on cognitive control tasks compared to their high SES counterparts. doi: 10.1017/S1366728914000352. 3, 262–276. Actually, there is no one-to-one relationship between L2 proficiency and any specific aspect of cognitive control. However, in the current study, the highest (or higher) L2 proficiency group did not outperform the lowest (or lower) L2 proficiency group in inhibition (which is reflected by the Flanker effect—RT differences between congruent and incongruent trials). Mem. However, there are some differences between the two studies. Cogn. For response times in the Flanker task, data of erroneous and extreme responses were excluded. In the test, there were four stimulus cards. Front. Based on their responses, writers were determined to possess various cognitive models of writing. A large body of research suggests that bilinguals demonstrate an advantage in performing cognitive control tasks compared to monolinguals (Bialystok et al., 2009; Vega-Mendoza et al., 2015; Bialystok, 2016). However, bilingual advantage in attentional switching was significant for Year 4 bilingual students. There were no group differences across the three groups in the WCST, which was primarily intended to measure mental set shifting. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.012, Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., and Guo, T. (2008). However, there are inconsistencies and controversies regarding the bilingual advantage. Results showed that in all the three conditions, the highest L2 proficiency group performed faster than the lowest L2 proficiency group (p = 0.014, p = 0.016, p = 0.026 for congruent, neutral and incongruent condition, respectively), but not the middle L2 proficiency group (ps > 0.171), and the middle L2 proficiency group did not differ from the lowest L2 proficiency group in all conditions (ps > 0.205) (but the middle L2 proficiency group had a tendency of faster performance than the lowest L2 proficiency group, and the same trend for the highest L2 versus the middle L2). (2015) see these inconsistencies as evidence of no bilingual advantage, but Bialystok (2016) points out that null evidence does not mean negative evidence, and that the “haze” in bilingual advantage research is not caused by the inconsistencies but by the subject matter. Bialystok (2017) thinks that bilingual advantage may be better explained in “attentional control” framework rather than “inhibitory control” model. The result of current study is consistent with some previous studies that did not find bilingual advantage in this aspect (i.e., Paap and Greenberg, 2013; Anton et al., 2014; Gathercole et al., 2014; Paap et al., 2015). (2016). In each trial, a fixation of “+” was presented for 250 ms. After that, one of the three conditions of stimulus would appear randomly for 2000 ms. A new trial would appear if participants pushed the button or 2000 ms expired. Previous studies on bilingual advantage were largely based on the framework of the “inhibitory control” hypothesis proposed by Green (1998). (2014). This test is widely accepted as it is not affected by participants’ language background, culture and learnt knowledge. Cortex 75, 237–240. J. Int. in-8 109 pp. Learn. Cognition 106, 59–86. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002, Paap, K. R., Johnson, H. A., and Sawi, O. U.S.A. 106, 6017–6021. The null effect of inhibition advantage may result from the inadequacy of the theoretical construct of “inhibitory control”. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 2:309. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00309, Keywords: L2 proficiency, cognitive control, unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals, bilingual advantage, conflict monitoring, Citation: Xie Z (2018) The Influence of Second Language (L2) Proficiency on Cognitive Control Among Young Adult Unbalanced Chinese-English Bilinguals. Two groups of Hindi-English young adult bilinguals (19.5–22.1) who differed in L2 (English) proficiency were required to complete a target detection task. Welcome to the accredited Elite Master Program in Neuro-Cognitive Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich! Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., and Raven, J. 41, 1579–1586. Psychol. Specifically, L2 proficiency was significantly related to conflict monitoring but not inhibition or mental set shifting in cognitive control. Flanker task performances across groups. 70, 636–644. Psychol. Observer et mesurer lesconséquences dela manipulation sur les comportements des participants 4⦠doi: 10.1177/0963721411429458, Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., and Wager, T. D. (2000). La psychologie cognitive . doi: 10.1037/cjep2006008, Bialystok, E. (2016). Kelime ve terimleri çevir ve farklı aksanlarda sesli dinleme. Flanker task was administered to measure conflict monitoring and inhibition, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to measure mental set shifting. Analysis reveals that L1 basic and L2 writers hold different cognitive models and perform differently on writing tasks, suggesting that cognitive models have important implications for writing task performance. 31, 328–330. Déchirures et manques sur le 1er plat. When language proficiency improves, will cognitive control change too? Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a non-search task. There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Two cognitive control tasks were adopted. Some studies suggest that the way language is used may be one important factor influencing cognitive control (Green, 2011; Yang et al., 2016a). doi: 10.1002/icd.298, Colzato, L. S., Bajo, M. T., van den Wildenberg, W., Paolieri, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., La Heij, W., et al. Psychon. Does language dominance affect cognitive performance in bilinguals? As could be shown from the table, except for L2 proficiency, all other variables including age, education, intelligence, and SES were matched across the three groups (ps > 0.05). In the computerized task programmed by E-prime 2.0, there were 12 trials in the practice block and 128 formal trials in the experimental block. La psychologie cognitive est née à la fin des années 1950 de la contribution de divers intellectuel du monde de la philosophie, de la psychologie et de la psychanalyse. Neurosci. Psychologie cognitive et neurosciences comportementales : révisez les notions essentielles. doi: 10.1017/S1366728998000133, Green, D. W. (2011). Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 0 ⦠As both the two language representations are activated and in competition (Kroll et al., 2008), in order to successfully use the target language, bilinguals need to adopt a language control mechanism to monitor and/or inhibit the non-target language (Green, 1998; Green and Abutalebi, 2013), which depends at least partly on cognitive control in general (non-linguistic) domain (Abutalebi and Green, 2007). Acta Psychol. ر٠إÙ٠بعض Ù٠ادج اÙدراسات اÙعÙÙ ÙØ© Ù٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙس ع٠Ù٠ا ÙعÙ٠اÙÙÙس اÙ٠عرÙ٠خصÙصا Ø Ø¨Ùد٠اÙاستÙادة ÙÙشر اÙ٠عرÙØ©.â Parental education level was based on a scale 1–7 (1-limited literacy, 2-primary school, 3-middle school, 4-high school, 5- bachelor’s degree, 6-master’s degree, 7-doctor’s degree). Seller Inventory # 23418 doi: 10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7, Iluz-Cohen, P., and Armon-Lotem, S. (2013). Secondly, when participants completed the practice block with an accuracy rate above 80% (which is to guarantee that participants pay full attention to the task), they would go into the formal experimental block with 108 trials. (2004), Tamil-English bilinguals, Cantonese-English bilinguals, and English-French bilinguals performed faster than English monolinguals in both congruent and incongruent conditions of the Simon task. Planned comparisons showed that all participants responded more quickly in congruent condition (518.12 ms) than in neutral condition (534.95 ms), F(1,91) = 13.388, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.128, and than in incongruent condition (575.66 ms), F(1,91) = 165.217, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.645. 7, 325–339. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.004, Dong, Y., and Liu, Y. TABLE 1. 17. Some studies suggest that women are generally superior to men in performing cognitive control task, and that men and women have different neural activations during task performance (i.e., Koch et al., 2007; Li et al., 2009). 2:103. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00103, Green, D. W., and Abutalebi, J. Mais également ce que cest avec de nombreux psychologues des expériences avec des rats de laboratoire des animaux pour mieux comprendre nos fonctionnements. J. Exp. Costa et al. Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: evidence from the ANT task. In order to find out which group differs from one to another, we conducted post hoc analyses on the three conditions. Front. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task. Notes de cours de psychologie en ligne : psychologie sociale, psychologie clinique, psychologie du développement, psychologie cognitive, psychologie ergonomique, cours de méthodes de la licence 1 à la licence 3 Tous les cours de psychologie en une simple recherche Participants were required to sort the response card by pressing the designated button corresponding to each stimulus card (DFJK, respectively). Cogn. Therefore, if there were differences on the two cognitive control task performances across groups, L2 proficiency would be considered as a significant factor. For example, if the response card is “one green cross” and the implied rule is color, then the correct response would be pressing the designated button corresponding to the stimulus card “two green stars”. The result in the current study is consistent with this finding. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Verreyt et al. Cogn. Cogn. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859, Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., and Viswanathan, M. (2004). L2 proficiency may contribute to cognitive control in different ways under different circumstances. Le Mans Université Virtual Learning Environment Staff helpdesk : Educational and technical support FAQ New course creation form You are not logged in. They were distinctive in at least two ways. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.657656, Miyake, A., and Friedman, N. P. (2012). Cogn. The current study followed the design by Dong and Xie (2014). Etes-vous prêt pour assurer la mention ? The author is responsible for the whole production of this article, including forming hypothesis, collecting data, analyzing the data, and writing the manuscript. 2:234. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00234, Hilchey, M. D., and Klein, R. M. (2011). Bilingualism 13, 253–262. Therefore, the comparison of cognitive control differences between female and male bilinguals will certainly add more insights to the study of bilingual advantage in future research. This may be explained by the fact that the bilinguals in the current study did not have intensive language switching experience, which is consistent with the hypothesis (Green and Abutalebi, 2013) that cognitive control is modulated by specific language use experience. claude bonnet université louis pasteur (strasbourg 1) faculté de psychologie et des sciences de Previous category errors indicate that participants continue sorting cards according to the previous category dimension despite feedback that the response is wrong, which also indicates that participants are not flexible enough to change the mental set to a new rule. Nearly two decades ago, Robinson (1992: 31) noted that second language (L2) pragmatics research âhas generally based its descriptions of language use on an analysis of learner performance rather than on an examination of cognitive processesâ.An examination of recent L2 pragmatics literature suggests that there has been no significant change in this situation. Hear. These results showed that there were no significant group differences across the groups in the performance of WCST task, which showed that they did not differ in cognitive control on the ability of mental set shifting. Thirdly, Chinese-English bilinguals differed from immigrant bilinguals who live in English speaking countries or more English friendly environment (as in Canada, United States, India, some African countries and others) in that they learnt and spoke English mostly inside their classrooms as they considered English as a foreign language. Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. 16, 143–149. It is suggested that mental set shifting is one of the core cognitive control abilities for healthy individuals, and there are obvious defects among those who have brain damage (Miyake et al., 2000; Yudes et al., 2011). This result actually echoes the idea claimed by Green (2011) that bilingual advantage is related closely to the bilingual language use ecology, which means the community context where bilingual speakers typically use their two languages may modulate cognitive control (Green, 2011; Green and Abutalebi, 2013). Language control in bilinguals: the adaptive control hypothesis. CM 3 de psychologie cognitive S1 L2 programme complet. Learn. How can we interpret these inconsistent findings? The target chevron (in red ink) was flanked by three types of symbols at each side: (1) chevrons (in black ink) that were in the same direction of the target symbol (congruent condition); (2) chevrons (in black ink) that were in the opposite direction of the target symbol (incongruent condition); (3) diamond symbols (in black ink) that did not have any shape similarity to the target red chevron (neutral condition). Neuropsychol. Some studies suggested that bilinguals must be better at inhibiting irrelevant information or response and thus have a better ability of inhibition or conflict resolution (i.e., Carlson et al., 2002; Bialystok et al., 2004; Carlson and Meltzoff, 2008; Costa et al., 2008; Crivello et al., 2016). Language proficiency and executive control in bilingual children. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.12.008, Verreyt, N., Woumans, E., Vandelanotte, D., Szmalec, A., and Duyck, W. (2016). How hazy views become full pictures. Psychol. First, they were in their early twenties, during which their cognitive control abilities were at the best. Xie, Z., and Dong, Y. The three groups differed significantly at ps < 0.001 in ANOVA analysis. Bilingualism 16, 884–899. English French online dictionary Tureng, translate words and terms with different pronunciation options. The Use of L1 Cognitive Resources in L2 Reading by Chinese EFL Learners (China Perspectives): Wu, Shiyu: Amazon.com.tr About this Item: Cahiers de psychologie cognitive, Marseille, 1982.
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