Abuses, especially in the rubber industry, included forced labour of the native population, beatings, widespread killings, and frequent mutilation when production quotas were not met. [17] The Catholics wanted religious teachings to be a fundamental basis for the state and society and opposed all attempts by the liberals to attack the Church's official privileges. • Ascherson, Neal (1999). [21] Leopold eventually began to acquire a colony as a private citizen. [31][32], Adam Hochschild devotes a chapter of his book King Leopold's Ghost to the problem of estimating the death toll. He expanded the grounds of the Royal Castle of Laeken, and built the Royal Greenhouses, the Japanese Tower and the Chinese Pavilion near the palace. His father died on 10 December 1865, and Leopold took the oath of office on 17 December, at the age of 30. [5][6] In 1908, the reports of deaths and abuse and pressure from the Congo Reform Association and other international groups induced the Belgian government to take over the administration of the Congo from Leopold as a new territory, Belgian Congo. Attention to the Congo atrocities subsided in the years after Leopold's death. During his reign, Leopold saw the empires of the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain as being in a state of decline and expressed interest in buying their territories. Shortly after the revolution in France, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. He noted that the beginning of the Free State had been a time of some economic and social progress. Even before she succeeded to the throne, Leopold had been advising Victoria by letter, and continued to influence her after her accession. The role would subsequently be accepted by Otto of Wittelsbach in May 1832 who ruled until he was finally deposed in October 1862. After the Greek War of Independence (1821–32), Leopold was offered the throne of Greece but turned it down, believing it to be too precarious. Modern estimates range from one million to fifteen million, with a consensus growing around 10 million. She herself died the next day following complications. En août 1935, sa femme décède dans un accident d'automobile (Léopold qui était au volant du véhicule est lui-même blessé). [8] The problems caused by the French candidates and the increased international pressure for a solution led to his reconsideration. Less than two weeks after Leopold's accession, on 2 August, the Netherlands invaded Belgium, starting the Ten Days' Campaign. Laws against child labour were passed. An official Liberal Party was formed in 1846, although a formal Catholic Party was only established in 1869. [55][56], In early June 2020, a majority in the Brussels Parliament requested a committee to be set up to 'decolonise the public sphere' in the Brussels Capital Region. Congolese culture minister Christophe Muzungu decided to reinstate the statue in 2005. A stand had been erected on the steps of the church of Saint Jacques-sur-Coudenberg, surrounded by the names of revolutionaries fallen during the fighting in 1830. The monuments were supposed to help get rid of the scandal after international commotion about the atrocities in the Congo Free State and to raise people's enthusiasm for the colonialism in Belgian Congo. Charlotte et Léopold II de Belgique: deux destins d'exception entre histoire et psychiatrie. In 2004 activist group De Stoete Ostendenoare symbolically cut off a bronze hand from one of the kneeling Congolese slaves who, as part of the 'Gratitude of the Congolese' group in the monument, honours Leopold II. One of the most brutal and ambitious of the 19th century European exploiters of Africa, Leopold II was king of Belgium for more than 40 years, from 1865 to … This monument at the intersection of the Avenue de Luxembourg and the Avenue de Longwy features a standing statue and a quote from Leopold II: "I undertook the work of the Congo in the interest of civilisation and for the good of Belgium. The majority of the required funds for these projects originated from the brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State. What happened then was shameful. German prince who became the first King of the Belgians, The generations are numbered from the union of. But without funds, he was unsuccessful. The marriage produced four children: three daughters and one son, also named Leopold. He served in the army until his accession in 1865, by which time he had reached the rank of lieutenant-general. Grand Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ, Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen, Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg, Countess Ferdinande Henriette of Stolberg-Gedern, "Park Lane Pages 264-289 Survey of London: Volume 40, the Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings). [1], Leopold also had two sons, George and Arthur, by his mistress Arcadie Meyer (née Claret). The mortality statistics were collected through the efforts of British consul Roger Casement, who found, for example, only 600 survivors of the disease in Lukolela in 1903. International powers meeting in London agreed to support the independence of Belgium, even though the Dutch refused to recognize the new state. ', The monument's inscription states: 'Homage to HM King Leopold II and to ALL his Limburgian assistants'. [45] MPs agreed to set up a parliamentary commission to examine their country's colonial past, which was likened to the Truth and Reconciliation Committee set up in South Africa after the apartheid regime was abolished. At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorized his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants. At Leopold's request,[22] in 1862 his two sons were created Freiherr von Eppinghoven by his nephew, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; in 1863 Arcadie was also created as Baronin von Eppinghoven.[23]. [1] On 2 May 1816, Leopold married Princess Charlotte of Wales at Carlton House in London. [1] He campaigned against Napoleon and distinguished himself at the Battle of Kulm at the head of his cuirassier division. Their failure to perform a civil ceremony rendered the marriage invalid under Belgian law. On 22 April, he was finally approached by a Belgian delegation at Marlborough House to officially offer him the throne. [1] Leopold was an early supporter of railways, and Belgium's first stretch of this railway, between northern Brussels and Mechelen, was completed in 1835. C'est le premier roi des Belges (1831 à 1865). "[44] Michel's remarks were countered by several Belgian politicians. Meanwhile, the Force Publique were required to provide the hand of their victims as proof when they had shot and killed someone, as it was believed that they would otherwise use the munitions (imported from Europe at considerable cost) for hunting. Editions du CEFAL, 2005 - Belgium - 207 pages. According to Michel, "To use the word 'genocide' in relation to the Congo is absolutely unacceptable and inappropriate. Despite pressure from the Great Powers, especially over the Crimean War (1853–56), Belgium remained neutral throughout the reigns of Leopold I and II. Rubino was immediately arrested and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment. She and Leopold married secretly in a religious ceremony five days before his death. The Belgian government offered the position to Leopold because of his diplomatic connections with royal houses across Europe, and because as the British-backed candidate, he was not affiliated with other powers, such as France, which were believed to have territorial ambitions in Belgium which might threaten the European balance of power created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna. [48], Several statues have been erected to honour the legacy of Leopold II in Belgium. The French promised support, and the arrival of their Armée du Nord in Belgium forced the Dutch to accept a diplomatic mediation and retreat back to the pre-war border. The enthronement is generally used to mark the end of the revolution and the start of the Kingdom of Belgium and is celebrated each year as the Belgian national holiday. London: Granta. [47], Leopold II remains a controversial figure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Leopold received British citizenship in 1815. [7] Some Orangists had hoped to offer the position to King William I or his son, William, Prince of Orange, which would bring Belgium into personal union with the Netherlands like Luxembourg. Both expeditions set out in December 1896. The current Belgian king descends from his nephew and successor, Albert I. Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf. Cartoon depicting the fiftieth birthday of Leopold II. In November 1830, a National Congress was established in Belgium to create a constitution for the new state. Au cours des années suivantes, le système mis en place par l’administration coloniale bénéficie d’une forte croissance économique, grâce à la richesse du sous-sol. His reign was marked by attempts by the Dutch to recapture Belgium and, later, by internal political division between liberals and Catholics. The same year he received an honorary commission to the rank of Field Marshal and Knight of the Order of the Garter. Situé dans un magnifique parc de 5 hectares en plein cœur de Bruxelles, notre club privé vous permet de pratiquer le tennis, le hockey, le fitness , le padel ou le bridge dans des installations modernes et performantes. Sophie VON SACHSEN-COBURG-SAALFELD 1778-1835 Mariée le 23 février 1804 (jeudi) avecEmmanuel DE POUILLY, Graf VON MENSDORFF-POUILLY 1777-1852 ", "Colonial Terrorism, Global Capitalism and African Underdevelopment: 500 Years of Crimes Against African Peoples", "King Leopold's legacy of DR Congo violence", "The 'Leopold II' concession system exported to French Congo with as example the Mpoko Company", "Le rapport Casement annoté par A. Schorochoff", "How Belgium is being forced to confront the bloody legacy of King Leopold II", "Ex-commissioner calls Congo's colonial master a 'visionary hero, https://inews.co.uk/news/world/king-leopold-ii-congo-belgium-genocide-slave-state-legacy-statue-455658, "Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses", "Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities -- but doesn't apologize", "BELGISCHE KOLONIALE GESCHIEDENIS IN HET KATHOLIEK MIDDELBAAR ONDERWIJS: VERGETEN VERHAAL OF KRITISCH DISCOURS? Eurohistory. (Belga) Une statue de Léopold II a été retirée de l'hôtel de Ville de Louvain mardi. Millions of Congolese inhabitants, including children, were mutilated, killed or died from disease during his rule. He promoted the marriage of his niece, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. En 1926, il épouse la princesse Astrid de Suède, nièce du roi Gustave V de Suède. Reports of outrageous exploitation and widespread human rights abuses led the British Crown to appoint their consul Roger Casement to investigate conditions there. As a result of the ambiguities in the Belgian Constitution, Leopold was able to slightly expand the monarch's powers during his reign. ", Standing statue near Saint Elisabeth's Church in, This statue is located in front of Saint Elisabeth's Church at the intersection of the Rue des Fossés and the Rue Boulengé de la Hainière in, The bust was originally located in the entrance hall of the Warocqué Faculty for Economics and Management of, This statue has been deliberately damaged several times, most recently in 2017. Léopold III est le fils du roi des Belges Albert Ier et d'Élisabeth de B, encore adolescent il sert comme soldat dans l'infanterie. The small Belgian army was overwhelmed by the Dutch assault and was pushed back. Leopold emphasized military defence as the basis of neutrality, and strove to make Belgium less vulnerable militarily. Later in the day, in the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie before Tristan und Isolde was performed, the orchestra played the Brabançonne, which was sung loudly and ended with loud cheers and applause. Leopold was born in Brussels on 9 April 1835, the second child of the reigning Belgian monarch, Leopold I, and of his second wife, Louise, the daughter of King Louis Philippe of France. Increasing social unrest and the rise of the Labour Party forced the adoption of universal male suffrage in 1893. [39] The debate over Leopold's legacy was reignited in 1999 with the publication of King Leopold's Ghost by American historian Adam Hochschild,[39] which recounts Leopold's plan to acquire the colony, the exploitation, and the large death toll. The youngest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Leopold took a commission in the Imperial Russian Army and fought against Napoleon after French troops overran Saxe-Coburg during the Napoleonic Wars. King William IV, son of George IV and his wife, Elizabeth, is the King of England. He also played an important role in stopping the spread of the Revolutions of 1848 into Belgium. She died of tuberculosis that same year, when Leopold was 15 years old.[10]. Farouche partisan de la neutralité armée, il fit de son pays une puissance économique dotée d'un important empire colonial. Universal male suffrage was introduced, though the effect of this was tempered by plural voting. Leopold was born in Coburg in the tiny German duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld in modern-day Bavaria on 16 December 1790. Le musée a été construit à l’origine sous la direction de Léopold pour glorifier le rôle de la Belgique en Afrique; il arborait fièrement le butin du colonialisme et présentait les Blancs sous un jour supérieur aux Africains. [21]:123–124, In 1894, King Leopold signed a treaty with Great Britain which conceded a strip of land on the Congo Free State's eastern border in exchange for the Lado Enclave, which provided access to the navigable Nile and extended the Free State's sphere of influence northwards into Sudan. Most of the statues date from the interwar period, the peak of colonial-patriotic propaganda. [11] She was passionate about horseback riding to the point that she would care for her horses personally. [39] Leopold's reign of exactly 44 years remains the longest in Belgian history. ", "Belgians Target Some Royal Monuments In Black Lives Matter Protest", "Burned Leopold II statue removed from Antwerp square", "Al meer dan 16.000 handtekeningen voor petitie om standbeelden Leopold II uit Brussel weg te nemen, Tommelein wil beeld in Oostende niet verwijderen", "Het Debat. She came to England with her mother and took up residence at Longwood House, a few miles from Claremont House. Léopold II de Belgique, en français Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor de Saxe-Cobourg Gotha, en flamand Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor de Saxe-Cobourg Gotha (Bruxelles, 9 avril 1835 - Bruxelles, 17 décembre 1909) prince la Belgique, Duc de Brabant, Il était … 0 Reviews. ... Ce sera vu comme partie intégrante de l'histoire de la Belgique. [1] Napoleon offered him the position of adjutant, but Leopold refused. Abandoning the promises of the Berlin Conference in the late 1890s, the Free State government restricted foreign access and extorted forced labor from the natives. [19]:25[20] Several historians argue against this figure due to the absence of reliable censuses, the enormous mortality of diseases such as smallpox or sleeping sickness and the fact that there were only 175 administrative agents in charge of rubber exploitation.[5][6]. [16], Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf. Belgian naval vessels named in his honour include the Leopold I, a frigate acquired by Belgium in 2007. [7], Eventually the Congress was able to draw up a shortlist. Leopold went to great lengths to conceal potential evidence of wrongdoing during his time as ruler of his private colony. Leopold fervently believed that overseas colonies were the key to a country's greatness, and he worked tirelessly to acquire colonial territory for Belgium. Citations de Léopold II (de Belgique) Sélection de 4 citations et phrases de Léopold II (de Belgique) - Découvrez un proverbe, une phrase, une parole, un dicton ou une citation de Léopold II (de Belgique) issus de romans, d'extraits courts de livres, essais, discours ou entretiens de l'auteur. L'administration communale louvaniste souhaite de la sorte tirer un trait sur le passé colonial. On 15 November 1902, Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino attempted to assassinate Leopold, who was riding in a royal cortege from a ceremony at Saint-Gudule Cathedral in memory of his recently deceased wife, Marie Henriette. Les régions du cœur de l’Afriq… (Belgien).jpeg 3,024 × 4,032; 2 MB Leopold of Saxe-Coburg by Reynolds.jpg 2,243 × … This bust was defaced with red paint in November 2008 by activist group De Stoete Ostenenoare, This statue was vandalised in October and November 2018 and in July 2019, while activists demanded it be removed, along with all references to Leopold II, such as street names. [57] From 9 June 2020 onwards, authorities in Belgium gave way to public pressure and began removing some of the statues of Leopold, beginning with ones in Ekeren in the municipality of Antwerp[51] and in the Waracqué Faculty of Economics and Management of the University of Mons on that day.[58]. [20] In 1835-1836, he promoted the marriage between his nephew Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the Queen of Portugal, Maria II. ", "Dit zijn de organisatoren van de Belgische Black Lives Matter-betogingen", "Pourquoi les opposants à Léopold II continuent-ils à vandaliser les statues de l'ancien Roi ? Il se marie avec l’archiduchesse Marie-Henriette le 22 août 1853. Du nouveau sur "le génie et la folie" ? Léopold III de Belgique, nom et prénom Leopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha (Bruxelles, 3 novembre 1901 - Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, 25 septembre 1983), Prince de Belgique, Duc de Brabant, il était Roi des Belges du 17 Février 1934 16 Juillet 1951 quand il a abdiqué en faveur de son fils Baldwin. [17] Initially, these factions existed only as informal groups with which prominent politicians were generally identified. Second King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Congo Free State, It has been suggested that this section be, Generations are numbered by descent from King. He was interred in the royal vault at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken in Brussels. His death was a source of great sorrow for King Leopold. Béeche. The three viable possibilities were felt to be Eugène de Beauharnais, a French nobleman and stepson of Napoleon[dubious – discuss]; Auguste of Leuchtenberg, son of Eugene; and Louis, Duke of Nemours who was the son of the French King Louis-Philippe. Instead, he accepted the throne of Belgium in 1831 following the country's independence in 1830. [27] Missionary John Harris of Baringa was so shocked by what he had encountered that he wrote to Leopold's chief agent in the Congo, saying: I have just returned from a journey inland to the village of Insongo Mboyo. From the beginning, Leopold ignored these conditions. Coronation Medal Leopold II – accession to the throne on 17 December 1865 – by Léopold Wiener. [1] The couple lived initially at Camelford House on Park Lane,[2] and then at Marlborough House on Pall Mall. Born in Brussels as the second but eldest surviving son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans, he succeeded his father to the Belgian throne in 1865 and reigned for 44 years until his death – the longest reign of any Belgian monarch. The rising, which began in Brussels, pushed the Dutch army back, and the rebels defended themselves against a Dutch attack. [7] The Great Powers also worried that a candidate from another state could risk destabilizing the international balance of power and lobbied for a neutral candidate. He envisioned "our little Belgium" as the capital of a large overseas empire. [22] In 1866, Leopold instructed the Belgian ambassador in Madrid to speak to Queen Isabella II of Spain about ceding the Philippines to Belgium. Nonetheless, Chaltin continued his advance, and on 17 February 1897, his outnumbered forces defeated the rebels in the Battle of Rejaf, securing the Lado Enclave as a Belgian territory until Leopold's death in 1909.[26]. They had four children: Queen Louise-Marie died of tuberculosis on 11 October 1850, aged 38. Leopold married Louise-Marie of Orléans (daughter of Louis Philippe I) on 9 August 1832. Doyle contrasted Leopold's rule with British rule in Nigeria, arguing that decency required those who ruled primitive peoples to be concerned first with their uplift, not how much could be extracted from them. [8] All the candidates were French and the choice between them was principally between choosing the Bonapartism of Beauharnais or Leuchtenberg and supporting the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe. The abject misery and utter abandon is positively indescribable. [28], Estimates of the death toll range from one million to fifteen million,[29][30] since accurate records were not kept. Leopold's reign was marked by a number of major political developments. As a result of this, he earned the nickname the "Nestor of Europe", after the wise mediator in Homer's Iliad. [19] They were confronted by Belgian troops at the hamlet of Risquons-Tout and, during fighting, seven émigrés were killed and most of the rest were captured.
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