citation de motivation pdf

Pyramide de maslow. Comment lutiliser pour definir vos objectifs. Also, there is no significant difference in educational motivation among students. The final part of the article contains recommendations for university management, when affecting and building sustainable academic motivation. In this study, the school engagement of high school students was examined in terms of educational motivation and perceived social support. The goal of this project was to promote students' scientific culture, autonomy, and passion for learning. (Volume 1) (French Edition) [Deltour, Frédéric] on Amazon.com. Öğrencilerin cinsiyetine göre eğitimsel motivas-yon anlamlı farklılık göstermemektedir. Nolen, S. B. Collaborative action, Rowell, L. L. (2006). Read full-text. (2002). Students’ active partici-, failure to their ability or task difficulty, will further strengthen the effect of the, PROCESS OF LEARNING ANd FOCUS ON dEVELOPING, cessful learner in the past, but recently, flects his beliefs about the causes of his, of causal attribution beliefs. Schools were divided into two arms, intervention and a control arms. Scarica Gratis Telechargement Pdf De 365 Citations Positives Temedisa Tk. Students perceive, a test and attribute their failure to the, UNdERStANdING HOw StUdENtS AttRIBUtE tHEIR. The MSLQ has proven to be a reliable and useful tool that can be adapted for a number of different purposes for researchers, instructors, … Higher financial evaluation and creating good relationships were found to be the most desirable motivation measures. Gratuit Citation Motivation Et Reussite Techniques De Vente Et. PDF | Motivation is an important foundation of academic development in students. Une sélection Araştırmanın çalışma evrenini; Malatya ili Yeşilyurt ve Battalgazi Merkez ilçelerinde bulunan ortaokullarda 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında öğrenim görmekte olan toplam 32516 öğrenci oluştururken, örneklemini ise uygun örneklem yöntemi ile belirlenen 400 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. 25 Citations De Motivation 1. The contribution of action research and the global action research community to knowledge democracy and alternative globalization is underscored. First, we review the various theoretical and conceptual models of metacognition and self-regulated learning and propose three general components of metacognition and selfregulation that will guide our discussion in subsequent sections. Akademik ya da eğitimsel motivasyon ise öğrencinin öğrenmeye yönelik geliştirdiği içsel süreçleri ifade etmektedir. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory. • A motivational toolbox at the end of each chapter helps readers identify important points to think about, lingering questions, strategies to use now, and strategies to develop in the future. ... We observed that self-regulation through a motivational continuum from extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in students is necessary, ... Sering kali guru BK sangat ingin membantu siswa, namun guru BK menyadari bahwa dirinya tidak memahami motivasi yang melatarbelakangi perilaku siswa dan juga tidak dapat menentukan cara yang paling tepat untuk menghadapi isu motivasi, ... 731). motivation with extrinsic motivation, which is motivation governed by reinforcement contingencies. ! In the field of promoting academic motivation, school counselors can utilize preventive (classroom guidance) and remedial (small-group counseling intervention and individual counseling intervention) approaches. The results of the correlation showed that when educational motivation increases, students' perceived social motivation increases, too. The importance of attending to social aspects of motivation in these kinds of interventions is a major theme of this special issue. and epistemological diversity. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème citation, proverbes et citations, belles citations. 25 mai 2017 - Explorez le tableau « CITATIONS DE MOTIVATION » de Victor Baudot | Blogueur Voyag, auquel 131 utilisateurs de Pinterest sont abonnés. Primary prevention interventions remain a pre-requisite for promotion of improved social and health outcomes. It consists of a theoretical examination of the terms ‘sustainable motivation’ and ‘academic motivation’, and specifically postulates and explains the concept of ‘sustainable academic motivation’. Metin Kırbaç, The, This article provides an introduction and overview to this special issue of Educational Psychologist, titled Promoting Motivation at School: Interventions That Work. PDF Restore Delete Forever. 19 mai 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "Telecharger pdf" de Birane diop sur Pinterest. Intervensi AMT dalam bingkai psikoedukasi terdiri dari dua strategi yaitu achievement thinking dan action strategies yang dilakukan dalam 12 sesi pertemuan. This study is an analysis of senior high school students’ responses to an essay question that asked about the positive impact of their school counselors and importance in their academic, career, and personal/social development. Final conclusions will be published in October 2015. Data measurements carried out three times in the pre-test and post-test conditions with six forms of achievement motivation scale. There is a significant difference in peer support sub-dimension of perceived social support according to the grades of students. How K-12, Rowell, L. L. (2005). Motivation to learn: Integrating theory and practice. Learning and Motivation is committed to publishing articles concerned with learning, cognition, and motivation, based on laboratory or field studies of either humans or animals. In general, the results were very positive and gave good feedback that allows us to proceed with the project in the future, disseminating it to other classes. Enhancing academic motivation: An intervention program for young adolescents. – Khalil Gibran [snip msg] La générosité est de donner plus que vous pouvez, et … Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a behavioural youth risk reduction intervention among grade 10 learners. The particular study aimed to determine the effectiveness of achievement motivation training (AMT) in increasing the achievement motivation of junior high school students. The Transtheoretical Model of Change Moderators of MI Harm Reduction Aspects of MI Parameters of MI Conclusion Appendix 33.1: Motivational Interviewing Techniques2 Acknowledgement References. Citations de Motivation: Phrases, pensées et citations pour trouver l'inspiration et passer à l'action... (Phrases de motivations, succès et gagner de ... estime de soi.) The resulting six themes were personal attributes of the school counselor, professional attributes of the school counselor, process of engagement, school counseling services provided, challenging student circumstances, and personal impact of the school counselor. Brief overviews of each article are provided. This is banduras seminal article in which he introduced the construct of self efficacy. convergences. Araştırmanın bulguları literatür çerçevesinde yo-rumlanmış ve buna bağlı olarak da araştırmacı ve uygulayıcılara çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur. motivation: citations sur motivation parmi une collection de 100.000 citations. » Émile Coué. As quoted in The Subconscious Diet : It's Not What You Put in Your Mouth; It Is What You Put in Your Mind (2005) by Hugh B. Sanders, p. 104 30++ Citation De Motivation En Pdf. Smiley de Jane. The peer support average score of female students is higher than that of male students. Abraham Harold Maslow, né le 1er avril 1908 à New York et mort le 8 juin 1970 à… It also presents major, studied theoretical perspectives of academic motivation, and briefly illustrates strategies for increasing academic, motivation.The article addresses the importance of the, and describes preventive (classroom guidance) and, remedial (small-group counseling intervention and, individual counseling intervention) approaches that, school counselors can utilize for promoting academic, student behaviors in school, this article, by a brief introduction of strategies for, cognitive skills are partialled out (Wig-, tional beliefs, in more detail to provide. Fatih Kaya Broadly speaking, we see the main issue in assessing metacognition and self-regulated learning as one of construct validity. Generosity is giving more than you can, and pride is taking less than you need. The monocultural view of knowledge production and the role of universities are critiqued in relation to neoliberal globalization Bu araştırmanın temel amacı ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilişüstü farkındalık düzeyleri ile akademik motivasyonları (güdülenmeleri) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. "La seule façon Télécharger gratuitement Bac Tous Les Sujets Probables En Philosophie. The authors introduce strategies for implementing practitioner-research, including knowledge production and dissemination based on practice-based research evidence as a way to increase knowledge democracy. the test was “just too hard,” or ”I, activities are possible. Cette application contient un ensemble de proverbes et meilleures citations … Algılanan sosyal des-teğin akran desteği alt boyutunda sınıf düzeyine göre anlamlı farklılık vardır. Based on the results, and with the support of other opinions, sustainable academic motivation is subsequently defined from five perspectives: (a) As the most important component of conscious behavior; (b) as the starting point of behavior; (c) as the accelerator of behavior and development; (d) as the process; and (e) as the resultative level of all motivational efforts and powers at higher-education institutions. Commitment to school amongst 12th-grade students is higher than others. Academic or educational motivation refers to the internal processes developed by the student for learning, ... Dışsal motivasyon ise bireye bir iş yaptırmak veya bir konuda bireyi harekete geçirmek için başkaları tarafından sunulan hârici faktörlerdir (Santrock, 2018). Photos & citations pour la motivation sportive !!! The study used an interrupted time-series design which conducted on an intact group consisting of eight subjects. Sınıf düzeylerine göre eğitimsel motivasyon anlamlı farklılık göstermemektedir. is discussed by examining progress from intellectual colonialism to global South–North, Students, teachers, counselors, and parents are all important in determining the degree to which homework is effective in meeting its goals. V. Typologie de la motivation au travail : La taxinomie de la motivation distingue en général quatre types de motivation de l’individu dans son travail. sential constituents of students’ beliefs. Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Bilişüstü Farkındalık Düzeyleri İle Akademik Motivasyonları (Güdülenmeleri) Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi 15 talking about this. Second, we briefly describe a set of criteria proposed by Messick (1989) for investigating construct validity and suggest a set of guiding questions and general issues to consider in evaluating measures of metacognition and self-regulated learning. Araştırmada Okul Bağlılığı Ölçeği, Eğitimsel Motivasyon Ölçeği ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. 52. This theory is, I think, in … Des citations motivantes et inspirantes pour booster votre motivation et avoir un coup d'énergie positive, cette application gratuite vous aidera à retrouver l'espoir pendant vos moments de faiblesse et aussi à retrouver la motivation et atteindre vos objectifs dans la vie personnelle et professionnelle. He is also, attributing his failure to a general lack, effort to do well on the test. The implementation of our research was supported by a project funded by the Porto City Council with a partnership between an institution of higher education, the Porto Accounting and Business School (ISCAP) and the Cerco of Porto, an Elementary and Secondary School. Motivation for achievement: Possibilities for teaching and learning. Follow this author. Using a cross-sectional survey design, with a sample of 100 participants taken from an international university located in Thailand, analysis indicated that the participants were mostly neutral in their perceptions towards language learning strategies. Conclusion: This study was unable to show statistical significance for these outcomes. During December 14-16, 2020, the 27th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS ENGINEERING will be held in Las Vegas, NV, at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA. However, gender did not constitute a significant explanatory variable for academic motivation. The data was obtained from 826 secondary school students in Düzce in 2017-2018 academic year. The School Engagement Scale, the Educational Motivation Scale, and the Perceived Social Support Scale were used in the study. Rien de tel qu’une petite phrase de motivation glissée au creux d’une oreille pour stimuler son esprit et rebooster son activité ! Copy link Link copied. A Theory of Human Motivation - Abraham H Maslow - Psychological Review Vol 50 No 4 July 1943 The main purpose of this article is to point out the motivator-hygiene factors that have a significant impact on the overall level of employee job their success to effort, rather than abil-, to develop positive attributional beliefs, activities by clarifying the relevance of, COMPEtENCE IS MORE EFFECtIVE tHAN SEttING GOALS, see the relationship of the task to their, the progress is useful because it assists, of their effort. Our desire was to develop collaborative work around projects that support reflection and action, in order to improve learning outcomes and quality, with students-centered learning. The Predictive Level of Educational Motivation and the Perceived Social Support for School Commitment (Eğitimsel Motivasyonun ve Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Okula Bağlılığı Yordama Düzeyi), Perceived Academic Motivation and Learner Empowerment Levels of EFL Students in Turkish Context, The Development of Academic English Language Learning Strategies and Academic Motivation among International University Students in Thailand, HOW TWO DIFFERENT LEVEL INSTITUTIONS CAN COOPERATE FOR THE SAME PURPOSE: TO MOTIVATE STUDENTS TO LEARN MATHEMATICS, Keefektifan Achievement Motivation Training untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Berprestasi Siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama, “That Is When My Life Changed for the Better”: Students’ Perceptions of Exemplary School Counselors, Integration of ethics in e-Learning through Virtual Academic Counsellor, Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Bilişüstü Farkındalık Düzeyleri İle Akademik Motivasyonları (Güdülenmeleri) Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, Freedom to learn: A view of what education might become, Assessing metacognition and selfregulated learning, Families, schools, and developing achievement related motivations and engagement, Volitional aspects of self-regulated learning, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definition and New Directions, What's Old is New: Motivational Interviewing for Adolescents, Motivation for achievement: Possibilities for teaching and learning, third edition, Handbook of Research on Schools, Schooling, and Human Development, The paradox of achievement: The harder you push, the worse it gets, The Role of School Counselors in Homework Intervention, Academic Motivation: Concepts, Strategies, and Counseling Approaches, Introduction to Motivation at School: Interventions That Work, Knowledge Democracy and Action Research: Pathways for the Twenty-First Century, Homework Motivation and Preference: A Learner-Centered Homework Approach. Add co-authors Co-authors. Citations de motivation. º_ºw:0N.gHWI]Ãì[ÈfP ÀeLó.Dãf0öEŒ‘öEsÖRñš;—«T¯8TMÖñkëP¥¥©ÉÐô8ƒÇ ƒÊ|Š*Ç/fSfšœ A¾œ@T‚Æ…¦Ð¤÷:C¦ޱäã ïU7v–t±Sw gDö²Sɵp_†FUtßLŠ.Yª\€eöòôX*f.­A«½ ¥¯º§‘ô?»’ ùÀ5©Œ‹iŠ+ÏéÒì;Ÿ—ÞŒÚ0z‰°lPKŸ¾9Òy¼­ã»Îì7 ±Êsáèèѧ„t6a6. External motivation is the external factors offered by others to get a job done or to mobilize an individual (Santrock, 2018). In this chapter we provide an overview of the conceptual and methodological issues involved in developing and evaluating measures of metacognition and self-regulated learning. There is also a significant difference in the sub-dimension of psychological commitment in regards to school commitment. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. Particularly in mathematics, the project intended to introduce confidence in knowledge and skills acquisition. ... Students with positive academic motivation have willingness to learn, enjoy learning-related activities and think that studying has importance (Ghaleb, Ghaith, & Akour, 2015). — Zig Ziglar. However, there is a significant difference in the peer support sub-dimension of perceived social support. La motivation : condition au plaisir d’apprendre et d’enseigner en contexte scolaire Rolland Viau 3e congrès des chercheurs en Éducation Bruxelles, mars 2004 / 3 1998). 51. Avoir 200 Citations Par Lorena Fichier Pdf. Families, schools, and. Les citations de sport, ce sont aussi des citations sur la passion du sport et sur celle qui anime chacun de ses acteurs. This article aims to review Herzberg’s two-factor theory to employee motivation in today’s enterprises. Furthermore, a survey was developed and answered by students to ascertain their opinion about the project. However, the psychological commitment of male students is higher than female students. (Contains 44 references.) Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. • Exhibit boxes include forms for different purposes (for example, goal setting), examples of teacher beliefs and practices, and samples of student work. In preparation, this rapid literature review explores some of the research currently available on the role that technology plays in the literacy lives of young people. The AMT intervention in the psychoeducation frame consists of two strategies, namely achievement thinking and action strategies which are carried out in 12 sessions. Pedagogical features aid the understanding of concepts and the application to practice: • Strategy boxes present guidelines and strategies for using the various concepts. Intervention strategies for how to use this knowledge to make students' homework performance more effective and enjoyable are suggested. (GCP), Motivation is an important foundation of academic development in students. Pengukuran data dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali pada kondisi pre-test dan kondisi post-test dengan enam bentuk skala motivasi berprestasi. In addition, we envisage promoting creativity in the elaboration of everyday problems that can be solved through systems of equations. Araştırmada kullanılan ölçme aracının birinci bölümü katılımcıların demografik bilgilerinden oluşmaktadır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde t-testi, ANOVA ve Çoklu Regresyon Analizi kullanılmıştır. Traditionally, educators consider intrinsic motivation to be more desirable and to result in better learning outcomes than extrinsic motivation (Deci et al., 1999). Upload PDF. Motivation can be divided into two different theories known as Intrinsic (internal) motivation and Extrinsic (external)motivation. The aim of this paper is to introduce an active method in math to foster problem solving and research skills in the context of linear systems. Avoir Les 279 Meilleures Images De Telecharger Pdf En 2020 Citation. theory of motivation which will satisfy these theoretical de-mands and at the same time conform to the known facts, clinical and observational as well as experimental. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Other findings were the lack of gender differences in academic motivation or language learning strategies. article addresses the importance of the school counselor's role in student academic development and describes preventive (classroom guidance) and remedial (small-group counseling intervention and individual counseling intervention) approaches that school counselors can utilize for promoting academic motivation. Aucune raison ou principe ne le contient ou se tient contre lui. La répartition des tâches et des responsabilités, les mécanismes de coordination, les règles et les procédures permettent de caractériser la structure d’une entreprise. In the fourth and final section, we draw some conclusions about current measures of metacognition and self-regulated learning, suggest some directions for future research, and raise some issues that merit consideration in the development and evaluation of valid measures of metacognition. In this ini-, (e.g. In addition, a correlational analysis showed a strong positive relationship between language learning strategies and academic motivation. Motivation is an important foundation of academic development in students. This development also is affected by academic motivation. the reading motivation and reading skills of children and young people in around 100 primary and secondary schools across the UK. Intrinsic, Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). New articles by this author ... Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. Good instruction is, application of social cognitive theory to. Araştırmanın verileri 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında Düzce'de çeşitli ortaöğretim ku-rumlarına devam eden 826 öğrenciden elde edilmiştir. Manuscripts are invited that report on applied behavior analysis, and on behavioral, neural, and evolutionary influences on learning and motivation. Çalışmanın sonucunda ulaşılan bulgulardan bazıları: Öğrencilerin bilişüstü farkındalık düzeyleri ile akademik başarıları arasında; pozitif yönde, düşük düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu, akademik motivasyon düzeyleri ile sosyal medyada günlük geçirilen zaman arasında; negatif yönde, düşük düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ve akademik motivasyon düzeyleri ile bilişüstü farkındalık düzeyleri arasında ise pozitif yönde, yüksek düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu şeklinde ifade edilmiştir. is, like other motivational constructs in, troduced in this article, personal beliefs, in learning activities. Methods: We conducted a cluster randomised controlled trial at 16 KwaZulu-Natal high schools where learners completed a self- administered questionnaire assessing youth risk behaviours. ... Download citation. The programs described in this issue emphasize both students' academic motivation and their social motivation and focus on a variety of important achievement outcomes. identify students’ attributional beliefs. La motivation est un feu d'en dedans. to large-scale school reform. Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Self‐, Stipek, D. J. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan antara skor motivasi berprestasi sebelum dan sesudah diberikan intervensi AMT. This issue is devoted to the topic of interventions that emphasize different aspects of motivation for enhancing students' academic and social outcomes in school. İkinci bölümde ise Sperling, Howard, Miller ve Murphy (2002) tarafından geliştirilen, iki boyutlu olan (bilişüstü bilgi ve bilişüstü düzenleme) “Küçükler için üstbilişsel farkındalık ölçeği B formu”nu (Junior metacognitive awareness inventory version B) Türkçe’ye çevirip gerekli güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışmalarını yapan Aydın ve Ubuz (2010)’un Bilişüstü Yetiler Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Introduction Conditions in which MI has been Studied What do we Know About MI? Citations de motivation. Jacobs, E. E., Masson, R. L., Harvill, R. L., McCoach, B. D. (2002). Furthermore, regression results revealed that social support predicts school commitment. La vie est faite de nombreux projets et pour les réussir, on a souvent besoin de persévérance. Okul bağlılığı düzeyi en yüksek 12. sınıf öğrencilerinde tespit edilmiştir. August 13, 2012 cathy French 0. Subjective task value, Eccles, J. S. (2007). La structure de l’entreprise. ... Download citation. "Personne n’est trop vieux pour se fixer un nouvel objectif ou réaliser de nouveaux rêves." Setting: The Study was conducted in KwaZulu-Natal high schools, at UMgungundlovu District Municipality. School Physical Education: Welfare, Motivation and Positive Psychology Marcio Alessandro Cossio Baez, Claus Dieter Stobäus, Juan José Mouriño Mosquera DOI: 10.4236/ce.2016.716235 1,502 Downloads 2,765 Views Citations (1988). – Les Brown 2. It also presents major, widely studied theoretical perspectives of academic motivation and briefly illustrates strategies for increasing academic motivation. Background: Youth behaviour in South Africa continues to be a public health concern. All content in this area was uploaded by Eunsook Hong on Jan 12, 2016, Motivation is an important foundation of academic, development in students. Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications, Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory. children's homework motivation and preferences, and develop strategies to be used at school and at home to attain a better match between what the child likes to do and has to do when learning. Algılanan sosyal desteğin akran desteği alt boyutunda anlamlı farklılık vardır ve kız öğrencilerin akran desteği algısı daha yüksektir. The ones marked * may be different from the article in the profile. Araştırmada nicel yöntemli ilişkisel (korelasyonel) ve nedensel karşılaştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. PDF | As we know motivation is a mechanism which ultimately influences people to act in a desired way. It derives most directly, however, from clinical experience. Handbook of research on learning and instruction. 2.2.1 Intrinsicmotivation Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early 1970s.Intrinsicmotivationistheself-desiretoseekout newthingsandnewchallenges,toanalyzeone’scapac-ity,toobserveandtogainknowledge. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bilişüstü farkındalık, Akademik güdülenme, Ortaokul öğrencileri. Motivation has also been described as the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior (Nelson, 2013). Sustainable academic motivation is defined as proactive interconnection of basic ideas of sustainability and basic characteristics of academic motivation. All rights reserved. This article discusses academic motivation; its various component concepts in areas such as beliefs, goals, and values; and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. The interventions range from programs focused on individual students, The chapter examines issues faced by action researchers working within the context of democratizing knowledge. Öz Bu araştırmada ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin okul bağlılıkları, eğitimsel motivasyon ve algıladıkları sosyal destek açısından incelenmiştir. With primary attention on disclosing appropriate measures for building sustainable academic motivation, an empirical part presents the results of sociological questioning carried out on n = 181 teachers, administrators, and managers of Slovak and Polish universities. Four vantage points were delineated regarding the origin of knowledge democracy ... Studies have shown that a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors may be relevant to students' academic motivation. The article examines motivation in higher education and relates it to the concept of sustainability. Handbook of research on schooling, schools, & human development. Elde edilen bulgulara göre öğrencilerin eğitimsel motivasyon, sosyal destek ve okul bağlılıkları her bir ölçeğin ortalama değerinin üzerindedir. Okul bağlılığı öğrencilerin cinsiyetine göre anlamlı farklılık göstermemekle beraber erkek öğrencilerin psikolojik bağlılığı, kız öğrencilerin de bilişsel bağlılığı daha yüksektir. The relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are discussed. Authors also discuss the effectiveness of various interventions for ethnic minority children. Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. « Tous les jours à tous points de vue, je vais de mieux en mieux. Téléchargement gratuit Citation De La Vie Quotidienne Pdf. Results also emphasized a discrepancy between opinions of university managers versus opinions of scientists and teachers regarding effective motivation. According to the findings, there isn't a statistically significant difference between educational motivation and the gender of the students.

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