Conversion of Gonakier Forests of Senegal River floodplain to agricultural land use over the period from 1965 (left) to 1992 (right). Le Bafing, qui apporte la moitié des eaux du fleuve est ainsi considéré comme la branche mère. Le Sénégal est un fleuve de l'Afrique occidentale, long de 1700 km. The name they mistakenly bestowed upon the inlet - "Rio do Ouro" - is a name it would remain stuck with down to the 20th century. dans le cadre d'une gestion intégrée des ressources en eau. Going down the coast, they turned around the al-Dakhla peninsula in the Western Sahara and emerged into an inlet, which they excitedly believed to be the mouth of the Senegal River. A.O.F. Monteil, Vincent (1968) "al-Bakri (Cordoue, 1068) - Routier de l'Afrique blanche et noire du Nord-Ouest: Traduction nouvelle de seize chapitres, sur le MS arabe 17 Bd PSS/902 du British Museum". Les périodes de hautes eaux se situent de juillet à novembre et les périodes d'étiage de mars à juin. (2004). The left branch called the Doué runs parallel to the main river to the north. [13] The portolan chart of Giovanni da Carignano (1310s-20s) has the river with the label, iste fluuis exit de nilo ubi multum aurum repperitur.[14]. Realizing the mistake, Henry kept pressing his captains further down the coast, and in 1445, the Portuguese captain Nuno Tristão finally reached the Langue de Barbarie, where he noticed the desert end and the treeline begin, and the population change from 'tawny' Sanhaja Berbers to 'black' Wolof people. Le Sénégal se forme en fait à Bafoulabé, au Mali, par la confluence de deux rivières qui descendent du massif du Fouta-Djalon, le Bafing et le Bakoye (grossi du Baoulé). La source aux lamantins is a small minimalist eco- ressort and one of his guift is that we offer a simple authentic personnal fitted service. Il arrose le Mali, puis la Mauritanie et le Sénégal, tout en servant de frontière entre ces deux pays, avant de se jeter dans l'océan Atlantique à Saint-Louis. Source: Wikipedia Box 1: The ‘Organisation pour la mise en valeur du Fleuve Sénégal’ - a source of inspiration for river basin cooperation in West Africa The OMVS is a unique RBO in that it has joint ownership of key hydrological infrastructure and a guaranteed Avant cela, le Sénégal est un fleuve que les géographes du XVIIIe siècle appelaient encore la Nigritie, localisé par les marins français de l'époque (cités par Jean-Baptiste Gaby, supérieur du couvent de l'observance de Saint-François de Loches lors d'un voyage qu'il effectue en 1689), au sud des terres de « Barbarie ». However, McIntosh (1981) suggests an alternative identification of this riverine "island" to be the, "Aquest flum es apelat ued anil axi matex es apelat riu de lor per tal com si requyl lor de palola. A popular one, first proposed by Fr. Flowing through Boghé it reaches Richard Toll where it is joined by the Ferlo coming from inland Senegal's Lac de Guiers. 1811 trans.. By confounding the Ptolemy's Greek 'Nigir' with the Latin word for "black", Leo Africanus assumed the "Nile of the Blacks" (i.e. Le fleuve traverse plusieurs pays dont : la Guinée, pays où il prend sa source ensuite il passe par le territoire du Mali, puis il traverse la Mauritanie et termine par le Sénégal. [28] Writing in 1573, the Spanish geographer Luis del Marmol Carvajal asserts that the Portuguese called it Zenega, the 'Zeneges' (Berber Zenaga) called it the Zenedec, the 'Gelofes' (Wolofs) call it Dengueh, the 'Tucorones' (Fula Toucouleur) called it Mayo, the 'Çaragoles' (Soninke Sarakole of Ngalam) called it Colle and further along (again, Marmol assuming Senegal was connected to the Niger), the people of Bagamo' (Bambara of Bamako?) 55 relations. Je suis le fleuve Sénégal, cordon ombilical de la Guinée, du Mali, du Sénégal et de la Mauritanie en Afrique de l’Ouest. Depository Mauritania Language French Subject Water Keyword Freshwater resources management International basin institution Policy/planning Institution International agreement-text Basin/catchment/watershed River basin institution Geographical area There are extensive notes about the plentifulness of ivory and gold in the area, including a note that reads, "This river is called Wad al-Nil and also is called the River of Gold, for one can here obtain the gold of Palolus. [2], The aquatic fauna in the Senegal River basin is closely associated with that of the Gambia River basin, and the two are usually combined under a single ecoregion known as the Senegal-Gambia Catchments. The river has two large dams along its course, the Manantali Dam in Mali and the Maka-Diama Dam downstream on the Mauritania-Senegal border. [26] However, the contemporary African atlas of Venetian cartographer Livio Sanuto, published in 1588, sketches the Senegal, the Niger and the Gambia as three separate, parallel rivers. Le Sénégal est un fleuve d'Afrique de l'Ouest au régime tropical, long de 1 750 kilomètres, qui prend sa source en Guinée à 750 mètres d'altitude. Le fleuve Sénégal, principale source d'eau potable pour le Sénégal et la Mauritanie est en danger du fait de l'existence de nombreuses activités d'orpaillage dans la région. After 200 km the two branches rejoin a few kilometres downstream of Pondor. Le Sénégal est un fleuve d'Afrique de l'Ouest au régime tropical, long de 1 750 kilomètres, qui prend sa source en Guinée à 750 mètres d'altitude. Le Casamance est un fleuve du Sénégal qui prend sa source en Haute-Casamance, aux alentours de Fafacourou et se jette dans l'océan Atlantique. The first town, by the mouth of the Senegal, is called "isingan" (arguably the etymological source of the term "Senegal"). Le fleuve Sénégal Vallée du fleuve. : At the Battle of Tangdao and the Battle of Caishi along the Yangtze River, Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navy. [9], Arab geographers Abd al-Hassan Ali ibn Omar (1230), Ibn Said al-Maghribi (1274) and Abulfeda (1331), label the Senegal as the "Nile of Ghana" (Nil Gana or Nili Ganah). Il arrose le Mali , puis la Mauritanie et le Sénégal , tout en servant de frontière entre ces deux pays , avant de se jeter dans l' océan Atlantique à Saint-Louis . In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal … Its name is the French word for "big river"; it is named for the Senegal River (French: Fleuve Sénégal). The Senegal River is formed by the confluence of two smaller rivers, the Bafing and Bakoye, which occurs near Bafoulabé, Mali, at about 1,083 km from the Atlantic Ocean. In between Manantali and Maka-Diama is the Félou Hydroelectric Plant which was originally completed in 1927 and uses a weir. [23] He also notes that the Senegal was called "the Niger" by the ancients - probably a reference to Ptolemy's legendary 'Nigir' (Νιγειρ)[24] (below the Gir), which would be later identified by Leo Africanus with the modern Niger River. [31] The confusion may have arisen because Cadamosto says the Portuguese interacted frequently with a certain Wolof chieftain south of the river, somewhere on the Grande Côte, which he refers to as Budomel. Mauritania and Senegal are also building a bridge over the river, which marks their border, at Rosso. At the present time, only very limited use is made of the river for the transportation of goods and passengers. It is notable that Fra Mauro knew of the error of Henry the Navigator's captains about the Daklha inlet, which Mauro carefully labels "Reodor" ("Rio do Ouro", Western Sahara), distinctly from the "Canal del Oro" (Senegal River).[19]. Venturing ashore at one point along the river bank, Afonso tried to kidnap two Wolof children from a woodsman's hut. From this same source also flows north the White Nile towards Egypt, which forms the frontier between the Muslim "king of Nubia" ("Rex Onubia", his range depicted by crescent-on-gold banners) and the Christian Prester John ("Preste Joha"), i.e. Le fleuve Sénégal est formé par la réunion de deux cours d’eau, le Bafing et le Bakoye (en langue Manding, Bafing veut dire fleuve noir et Bakoye, fleuve blanc), dont la confluence près de Bafoulabé au Mali se trouve à environ 1 000 km de l’Océan Atlantique. From there, the Senegal river flows west and then north through Talari Gorges near Galougo and over the Gouina Falls, then flows more gently past Kayes, where it receives the Kolimbiné. Hoggar) to the town of "Organa" ("ciutat organa", variously identified as Kanem or Ouargla or possibly even a misplaced depiction of Ghana - long defunct, but, on the other hand, contemporaneous with the depicted Abu Bakr). The Bafing rises in the Futa Jallon highlands about 2400 ft. above sea-level, in 10° 28' N., 10° 5' W., its source being within 125 m. of Konakry on the Gulf of Guinea. The Senegal's headwaters are the Semefé (Bakoye) and Bafing rivers which both originate in Guinea; they form a small part of the Guinea–Mali border before coming together at Bafoulabé in Mali. In 2013, construction of the Gouina Hydroelectric Plant upstream of Felou at Gouina Falls began. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. [36] Bailot speculates the name probably arose as a misunderstanding, that when a Portuguese captain came across some Wolof fishermen and asked them what the name of the river was, they believed he was asking who their fishing boat belonged to, and replied simply "it is our canoe" (sunu gaal). The aquatic fauna in the Senegal River basin is closely associated with that of the Gambia River basin, and the two are usually combined under a single ecoregion known as the Senegal-Gambia Catchments. called it Zimbala (Jimbala?) It would give landlocked Mali a direct route to the Atlantic Ocean. [22] Cadamosto relates the legend that both the Senegal and the Egyptian Nile were branches of the Biblical Gihon River that stems from the Garden of Eden and flows through Ethiopia. couvent de l'observance de Saint-François de Loches, Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal, Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale française, Liste de fleuves dans le monde classés par continents, Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS), reportage à Diawar, village au bord du fleuve, Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau du bassin du Sénégal, programme d’optimisation de la gestion des réservoirs, Réserve de Biosphère Transfrontière du Delta du fleuve Sénégal, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sénégal_(fleuve)&oldid=177016544, Page géolocalisable sans coordonnées paramétrées, Accessibilité : Graphique timeline sans alternative, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Portail:Lacs et cours d'eau/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. North of the Senegal-Niger are the various oases and stations of the trans-Saharan route ("Tutega" = Tijigja, "Anzica" = In-Zize, "Tegaza" = Taghaza, etc.) Gold) or, alternatively, Wad al-Melli ("River of Mali") or even, by transcription error, Wad al-Nill ("River of Nile").[35]. Il sert aux déplacements en pirogue, probablement depuis des millénaires. Further east, along the river, is the seated emperor (mansa) of Mali ("Rex Musa Meli", prob. 2 of C.R. To date, Organisation de Mise en Valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) and Organisation de Mise en Valeur du fleuve Gambie (OMVG) are in charge of capitalizing on the two rivers’ hydro potential. Rien de significatif n’est prévu dans le solaire. [7] (In fact, some of the headwaters of the Senegal River are near the Niger River in Mali and Guinea.) "'Histoire du commerce entre le Levant et l'Europe' in 1831. In Manding languages, Bakoye signifies 'white river', Bafing 'black river' and Baloué 'red river'. Pendant les périodes de très grande sécheresse, la faiblesse du débit permet parfois le franchissement du fleuve à gué. (1981) "A Reconsideration of the Wangara/Palolus Island of Gold". But he ran into their father, who proceeded to chase the Portuguese back to their launch and gave them such a beating that the explorers gave up on going any further, and turned back to the waiting caravels.[20]. Le bassin du fleuve appartient en effet en bonne partie à la région du Sahel et bénéficie de ce fait d'un climat semi-aride avec des précipitations irrégulières comprises entre 300 et 1 000 mm/an. Et scire debeatis quod major pars gentium in partibus istis habitantium sunt electi ad colligendum aurum ipso flumine, qui habet latitudinem unius legue et fondum pro majori nave mundi", "Aquest senyor dels negres es appelat musa melli, senyor de guineua, e aquest es el puys noble senyor de tota esta partida per labondansia del or lo qualse recull en la sua terra", The inscription above Kano reads merely: "Africa es apelada la terca part del mon, per rao dun rey afer fill d'abrae, qui la senyorega, laquai partida comensa en les pars degipte al flum del cales, e finey en gutzolanes les pars hoccidentals e combren tota la barberia environant tôt lo mis jorn" (trans: "Africa is called the third part of the world, after King Afer, son of Abraham, who lorded over it, its beginning starts in the part of Egypt by the river of Cairo (. Christian Europeans soon began attempting to find the sea route to the mouth of the Senegal. Viladestes labels it "River of Gold" ("riu del or") and locates it a considerable distance south of Cape Bojador (buyeter) - indeed, south of a mysterious "cap de abach" (possibly Cape Timris). The river is frequently depicted with a great river island midway, the "Island of Gold", first mentioned by al-Masudi, and famously called "Wangara" by al-Idrisi and "Palolus" in the 1367 Pizzigani brothers chart. (1899) "Introduction" to vol. It passes through Rosso and, approaching its mouth, around the Senegalese island on which the city of Saint-Louis is located, to then turn south. It was believed to be either a western branch of the Egyptian Nile River or drawn from the same source (variously conjectured to some great internal lakes of the Mountains of the Moon, or Ptolemy's Gir (Γειρ)[8] or the Biblical Gihon stream). Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). It is connected by many streams to the southerly "mountains of gold" (labelled "montanies del lor", the Futa Djallon/Bambouk Mountains and Loma Mountains of Sierra Leone). Ainsi, au Sénégal, la source hydraulique ne représentera jamais plus de 10% de l’énergie consommée. David Boilat (1853), was that "Senegal" comes from the Wolof phrase sunu gaal, meaning "our canoe" (more precisely, "our pirogue"). There was trade from here to the Mediterranean World, until the destruction of Carthage and its west African trade net in 146 BCE. angelica), which some have taken to depict the Gambia River. The first known effort may have been by the Genoese brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, who set out down the coast in 1291 in a pair of ships (nothing more is heard of them). Et pour cause, je fais partie des plus grands fleuves du monde. In 1402, after establishing the first European colony on the Canary Islands, the French Norman adventurers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle set about immediately probing the African coast, looking for directions to the mouth of Senegal. The Senegal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land. By its shores lies the city of "tocoror" (Takrur). The OMVS have looked at the feasibility of creating a navigable channel 55 m in width between the small town of Ambidédi in Mali and Saint-Louis, a distance of 905 km. [40] This town ("Isingan") is fantastically depicted in the 1413 portolan map of Majorcan cartographer Mecia de Viladestes . One of its captains, Estêvão Afonso, volunteered to take a launch to explore upriver for settlements, thus becoming the first European to actually enter the Senegal river. In Kaedi it accepts the Gorgol from Mauritania. The "River of Treasure" interpretation of Vedamel can be found in J.G.H. Depuis 1972, les États riverains du fleuve Sénégal (Mali, Mauritanie et Sénégal) se sont organisés au sein de l'OMVS (Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal) pour mettre en valeur le bassin du fleuve et exploiter rationnellement ses ressources (énergie, navigation, irrigation, etc.) Mauro names the two parallel rivers differently,calling one "flumen Mas ("Mas River"), the other the "canal dal oro" ("Channel of Gold"), and makes the note that "Inne larena de questi do fiume se trova oro de paiola" ("In the sands of both these rivers gold of 'palola' may be found"), and nearer to the sea, "Qui se racoce oro" ("Here gold is collected"), and finally, on the coast, "Terra de Palmear" ("Land of Palms"). In 1972 Mali, Mauritania and Senegal founded the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) to manage the river basin. At the present time, only very limited use is made of the river for the transport of goods and passengers. Le fleuve Sénégal est constitué par trois affluents (Bafing, Bakoye et Falémé) qui prennent tous leur source dans le massif du Fouta Djallon en République de Guinée. In the Early Middle Ages (c. 800 CE), the Senegal River restored contact with the Mediterranean world with the establishment of the Trans-Saharan trade route between Morocco and the Ghana Empire. The project of finding the Senegal was taken up in the 1420s by the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator, who invested heavily to reach it. Guinea joined in 2005. [41] Some sources claim 'Isinghan' remained the usual Berber term to refer to the Wolof kingdom of Cayor.[41]. The golden round island at the mouth of the Senegal River is the indication (customary on portolan charts) of river mouth bars or islands - in this case, probably a reference to the Langue de Barbarie or the island of Saint-Louis). On 1960-06-20, the Federation of Mali became independent. [33] Curiously, Budomel is reminiscent of Vedamel already used by the Genoese back in the 14th century as an alternative name of the Senegal River. Henry immediately dispatched a follow up mission in 1435, under Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia. The legend of Cape Bojador as a terrifying obstacle, the 'cape of no return' to European sailors, emerged around the same time (possibly encouraged by Trans-Saharan traders who did not want to see their land route sidestepped by sea). The 1351 Medici-Laurentian Atlas shows both the Egyptian Nile and the western Nile stemming from the same internal mountain range, with the note that "Ilic coligitur aureaum". [2][3] Important tributaries are the Falémé River, Karakoro River, and the Gorgol River. [29], The 16th-century chronicler Joao de Barros asserts the Portuguese renamed it "Senegal" because that was the personal name of a local Wolof chieftain who frequently conducted business with the Portuguese traders. Les banques du fleuve Sénégal fournir un terrain fertile avec beaucoup de l'agriculture. The existence of the Senegal River was known to the early Mediterranean civilizations. However, Dias did not sail upriver, but instead kept sailing down the Grande Côte to the bay of Dakar. Sa longueur totale est de 1 800 km et son bassin couvre une su perficie de 300 000 km2. Le bassin versant couvre environ 337 000 km2 et s'étend sur quatre États. are denoted along the same single river. See Leo Africanus, (Ital: Barros, p.109. [32] "Budomel" is almost certainly a reference to the ruler of Cayor, a combination of his formal title ("Damel"), prefixed by the generic Wolof term bor ("lord"). initially comprised the French colonies of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, French Guinea, Senegal, and Upper Senegal and Niger. Lors des batailles de Tangdao et Caishi sur le fleuve Yangzi Jiang, les forces Jin sont battues par la marine des Song du Sud. Pour les Européens, Dakar sera un port commercial important et c'est sur les bords du fleuve que les navires arabes et occidentaux de bois, puis les cargos viennent chercher les équipes d'ouvriers qui jouent là le rôle des dockers, souvent très modestement payés. East of that, the Senegal forms a riverine island called "insula de bronch" (Île à Morfil). Seule la partie méridionale de son bassin correspondant à son cours supérieur bénéficie d'un climat tropical humide et reçoit de ce fait des précipitations plus abondantes comprises entre 1 000 et 2 000 mm/an et un peu mieux réparties dans l'année. On distingue trois régions différenciées : le haut bassin jusqu'à Bakel (ville du Sénégal, non loin de la frontière malienne), la vallée de Bakel à Saint-Louis (816 km) et le delta. Some Serer people from the south have advanced the claim that the river's name is originally derived from the compound of the Serer term "Sene" (from Rog Sene, Supreme Deity in Serer religion) and "O Gal" (meaning "body of water"). From there, the Senegal river flows west and then north through Talari Gorges near Galougo and over the Gouina Falls, then flows more gently past Kayes, where it receives the Kolimbiné. The term "Nile" seems to have been applied quite early to the Senegal. Uniquely, the Viladestes map shows another river, south of the Senegal, which it labels the "flumen gelica" (poss.
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